Chapter 3 Study Guide

Chapter 3 Study Guide

Chemistry – Properties of Matter

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Study all Labs, Homework Sheets, Handouts, Graphic Organizers, and Notes.  You may also refer to Chapter 3 in your book.

Know definitions for the following terms:

Supercooled water       Amorphous solid      Crystalline Solid    Solid

Fluid                            Gas                            Liquid                   Surface Tension        Temperature               Thermal Energy        Viscosity                Evaporation

Vaporization                Boiling

Know the definitions, molecular movement, and processes involved for each of the following:  (Example:  Melting – Solid to Liquid – Increase in Molecular Motion)

Melting                 Evaporation         Sublimation            Freezing

Condensation       Resublimation

Know that TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE are two factors that can affect the phase of matter.

Be able to explain the Gas Laws and give examples of each (Charles’s Law, Boyle’s Law, and Temperature/Pressure)

Know the effects of changing temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.

Know that water freezes at 0 degrees C and boils at 100 degrees C.

Know your labs – why we did the labs and what they showed. Labs to know:  Freezing point lab, Marshmallow Madness Lab, Endothermic and Exothermic Lab, and all gas demos.

FROM CHAPTER 2 KNOW THE FOLLOWING:

Be able to define, describe, and identify chemical changes, physical changes, endothermic reactions and changes, and exothermic reactions and changes.

Know that electricity can be used to break molecules apart.  This is called electrolysis.  We used electrolysis to break bonds in water.  We saw gas bubbles produced and acids and bases produced.  That was the evidence that new substances had been formed – a chemical change.

Density and Buoyancy Study Guide

Study Guide

Density and Buoyancy

I.               Density

A.     Density is the amount of matter in a given space.  The formula for density is:  Density = mass/volume. 

B.     Students should know how to solve density problems.

C.     Students should know the definitions and units for mass and volume.

D.    Know that density is a property of matter - no matter how much you have of a pure substance, the density remains the same.

E.     Know that the density of water is 1 g/mL (1 g/cm³).  And that objects with a density less than 1.0 g/mL will float and objects with a density greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink.

II.             Buoyancy

A.     Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid (a fluid is substance that flows – a liquid or a gas).  It is always an UPWARD force.

B.     Archimedes’ Principle states that for a floating object, the weight of the object equals the weight of the water displaced.

C.     Be able to explain, using buoyancy, why some objects float (like a heavy aircraft carrier) and some objects sink.

D.    If buoyant force is less than the weight of the object, the object will sink.  If buoyant force is the same as the weight of the object, the object will float.  (Buoyant force can’t be greater than the weight of the object because then the object would fly out of the water!)

E.     Buoyant force is a force and is measured in Newtons like weight.

(kg x meters /seconds² = Newton)

Chapter 2 Study Guide

      Chapter 2 Test Study Guide

Properties of Matter

To study for this test please use your brown notes on the Properties of Matter and Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions vs. Changes.  Also use labs on Recrystallization of Salt, Chemical Changes, Endothermic and Exothermic reactions (Hot or Not?), and the Electrolysis lab.  Use homework assignments and the graphic organizer on physical and chemical changes and your textbook pages 58 – 77 as well.

Vocabulary to Know:

Energy   Matter    Properties of Matter     Physical Properties

Chemical Properties    Element     Atom      Molecule    Compound  

Mixture      Homogeneous Mixture     Heterogeneous Mixture

Solution      Physical Change        Chemical Change    

Law Of Conservation of Matter        Thermal Energy

Temperature       Endothermic Reaction      Exothermic Reaction

Chemical Energy           Electrical Energy

Indicators of a Chemical Change         Precipitate

Concepts to Know:

1.    Everything is either energy or matter.

2.    Properties of matter are characteristics of a substance that help to identify that substance.  Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed and measured without breaking bonds or changing the substance chemically.  

Examples:  Color, shape, density, boiling point

Chemical properties can only be observed when a substance is changes chemically.

Examples: Reactivity with other chemicals, flammability

3.    An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance.  There are 92 naturally occurring elements in the universe.  Elements are organized on the Periodic Table of the Elements. 

4.    Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.

5.    Compound/Molecule – Two or more atoms chemically bonded.  Examples:  NaCl, CaCl₂, O₂, H₂O

6.    A mixture is two or more things together that have not been chemically bonded.  Solutions are a type of mixture where one thing dissolves into another. Examples: trail mix, salt water

7.    Heterogeneous Mixture – You can see the parts of the mixture

8.    Homogeneous Mixture – You can’t see the parts of the mixture.

9.    A physical change is a change in a substance that does not alter a substance chemically.  It’s still the same substance.

10.                  A chemical change is a change where bonds are broken and new substances are formed.  Example: Burning wood, reacting Sulfuric Acid and Sugar.

11.                  Law of Conservation of Matter says that whatever matter goes into a chemical reaction has to come out.

12.                  Thermal Energy is the measure of the amount of movement of molecules in a substance.  The more movement, the more thermal energy, the higher the temperature.  Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy of an object.  We measure thermal energy (temperature) with a thermometer.

13.                  Chemical Energy is energy stored in chemical bonds.

14.                  Electrical Energy is the flow of electrons from one place to another.  Electrical Energy can be used to cause a chemical change with a process called Electrolysis.

15.                  Know the indicators of a chemical change and that a precipitate is a solid formed from a chemical reaction between two or more substances.

Chapter 1 Study Guide

Quiz 8^th Grade Science  -   Friday September 7

1.    Know the steps of the Scientific Method

2.    Know what makes a “fair” test using the Scientific Method and what indicates a flawed experiment.

3.    Know the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative data.

4.    Know how to measure metric length, volume, and mass.  Know the units and the equipment needed to measure and calculate each.

5.    Be able to calculate metric volume using water displacement method and length x width x height.

6.    Be able to convert metric units using a metric “number line.”

7.    Know the difference between mass and weight.

Element Trading Card Websites

Use these websites to research your element trading cards:

Web Elements Website


Dynamic Periodic Table


Photographic Periodic Table

Element Trading Card List

Element Trading Card Element List

Metals

3 Lithium

4 Beryllium

11 Sodium

12 Magnesium

13 Aluminum

19 Potassium

20 Calcium

21 Scandium

22 Titanium

23 Vanadium

24  Chromium

25 Manganese

26  Iron

27  Cobalt

28 Nickel

29 Copper

30 Zinc

31 Gallium

32 Germanium

37 Rubidium

38 Strontium

39 Yttrium

40 Zirconium

41 Niobium

42 Molybdenum

44 Ruthenium

45 Rhodium

46 Palladium

47 Silver

48 Cadmium

49 Indium

50 Tin

51 Antimony

55 Cesium

56 Barium

57 Lanthanum

58 Cerium

59 Praseodymium

60 Neodymium

62 Samarium

63 Europium

64 Gadolinium

65 Terbium

66 Dysprosium

67 Holomium

68 Erbium

69 Thulium

70 Ytterbium

71 Lutetium

72 Hafnium

73 Tantalum

74 Tungsten

75 Rhenium

76 Osmium

77 Iridium

78 Platinum

79 Gold

80 Mercury

81 Tahllium

82 Lead

83 Bismuth

Nonmetals

1 Hydrogen

2 Helium

5 Boron

6 Carbon

7 Nitrogen

8 Oxygen

9 Fluorine

10 Neon

14 Silicon

15 Phosphorus

16 Sulfur

17 Chlorine

18 Argon

33 Arsenic

34 Selenium

35 Bromine

36 Krypton

52 Tellurium

53 Iodine

54 Xenon

Radioactive/Synthetic

43 Technitium

61 Promethium

84 Polonium

85 Astatine

86 Radon

87 Francium

88 Radium

89 Actinium

90 Thorium

91 Protactinium

92 Uranium

93 Neptunium

94 Plutonium

95 Americium

96 Curium

97 Berkelium

98 Californium

99 Einsteinium

100 Fermium

101 Mendelevium

102 Nobelium

103 Lawrencium

104 Rutherfordium

105 Dubnium

106 Seaborgium

107 Bohrium

108 Hassium

109 Meitnerium

110 Darmstadium

111 Roentgenium

Word Bank for Friday's Quiz

Alkali Metals        Alkaline Earth Metals           Transition Metals        Metals

Nonmetals              Halogens                         Noble Gases            Synthetic Elements

Radioactive       Atom      Element         Nucleus          Proton          Metalloids

Neutron           Electron         Positive            Negative             Neutral

Energy Levels            92                   2                  8               Element        Compound

Mendeleev               Glue              Periodic Table       Full Octet      Valence Electrons       

Hydrogen      Helium     Carbon