Videos on Chemical Bonding and Writing Ionic Compound Names

Khan Academy Chemical Bonding (skip the section on metallic bonds):
    Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds: Introduction to ionic, covalent, polar covalent and metallic bonds.



Naming Ionic Compounds:





I have also included notes on Ionic Compounds in the Power Point notes section on the right hand bar of this blog.

Einstein's Theory of Relativity is 100 Years Old

Click HERE to read a simple explanation from the NYTimes and watch a short video.

Dark Matter/Dark Energy - 2015

Through the Wormhole: Does Time Really Exist

Exotic Matter: Anti-Matter

Element Research Project - Research Sites

Theodore Gray's Periodic Table 

Interactive Periodic Table

Royal Society of Chemistry Periodic Table

Annenberg Foundation Interactive Periodic Table (will do electron configuration for elements)

TEDed Periodic Table Videos

National Institutes of Health Page - Health Information on Various Chemicals

Health Effects of Various Elements - click on element on right hand side

Hunting the Elements - NOVA

To watch the movie click HERE.

Quantum Theory Video

Quantum Theory Made Easy

Physical Changes Song

Super Solids!

Solids With Amazing Properties!!

Graphene -  Single sheets of graphite or carbon





World's Lightest Metal - The Future of Airplane Travel?  From HRL Laboratories (down the street from AEW!!)

Videos on States of Matter

Plasma -





Veritasium- Solids and Liquids - Viscosity





Surface Tension of Water in Space













FINALLY...  If you want to watch pitch drip really, really, really slowly, here is the link:

Click HERE to watch for the tenth drip!

Plasma Video

Study Guide for Test #1 - 9/18

Study Guide – Scientific Inquiry, Measurement, Graphing

I.               Scientific Inquiry and Data

A.    Hypothesis – what is it?

B.     What are variables in an experiment?

C.    What is a manipulated/independent variable?

D.    What is a controlled experiment?

E.     Why is it important that an experiment be controlled?

F.     What is the responding/dependent variable in an experiment?

G.   Define and give examples for Qualitative and Quantitative Data?

H.    Why is data important when writing conclusions?

I.       Be prepared to analyze a scientific experiment to identify parts of the experiment.

II.              Measurement

A.    Metric Unit of Length is a meter

B.     Weight is a measure of force (your weight is a force on the Earth).  The units are pounds and Newtons.

C.    Weight is determined by mass and gravity.

D.    Why would weight change as you move from Earth to space to the Moon but mass would not?

E.     Mass is the amount of matter in an object.  Mass is measured in grams on a balance.

F.     Volume is the amount of space something takes up.

G.   Volume of a regular object (length x width x height) cm3

H.    Volume of an irregular object (water displacement) milliliters

I.       Read a graduated cylinder at the bottom of the meniscus (curvature)

III.            Equipment

A.  Know balance, beaker, graduated cylinder, test tube, AND what they measure.

IV.           Graphing

A.    Know the parts of a graph.

B.   Know how to read a graph to obtain data.

C.   Know how to construct a graph to show data (see G)

D.   Know how to find errors or missing information on a graph.

E.  The Manipulated Variable goes on the X or horizontal axis

F.  The Responding Variable goes on the Y or vertical axis.

G.  Use SULTAN to analyze a graph.  Be able to tell me if the graph is missing something like labels on an axis OR if the intervals are not even.

Graphing Information for Homework 8/31

Graphing practice:

Ice Cream Experiments

Which Country Consumes the Most Ice Cream?  (Liters per Year)

Country	Liters of Ice Cream
United States	20.8
India	0.1
Canada	10.6
New Zealand	28.4
United Kingdom	7.0
China	1.0

Which Flavor Ice Cream Melts Faster?  (One scoop with 125 grams of ice cream.)

Ice Cream Flavor	Melting Time (minutes)
Vanilla	22.2
Chocolate	10.7
Cookies and Cream	12.1
Cookie Dough	15.8
Strawberry	18.0
Mint Chocolate Chip	15.0

Back To School Night

Please click HERE to view the Back to School Night Presentation.

Why are Measurement and Correct Units Important in Science?

Mars Probe Lost Due to Simple Math Error

October 01, 1999|ROBERT LEE HOTZ | TIMES SCIENCE WRITER

NASA lost its $125-million Mars Climate Orbiter because spacecraft engineers failed to convert from English to metric measurements when exchanging vital data before the craft was launched, space agency officials said Thursday.

A navigation team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory used the metric system of millimeters and meters in its calculations, while Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver, which designed and built the spacecraft, provided crucial acceleration data in the English system of inches, feet and pounds.

As a result, JPL engineers mistook acceleration readings measured in English units of pound-seconds for a metric measure of force called Newton-seconds.

In a sense, the spacecraft was lost in translation.

"That is so dumb," said John Logsdon, director of George Washington University's space policy institute. "There seems to have emerged over the past couple of years a systematic problem in the space community of insufficient attention to detail."

None of JPL's rigorous quality control procedures caught the error in the nine months it took the spacecraft to make its 461-million-mile flight to Mars. Over the course of the journey, the miscalculations were enough to throw the spacecraft so far off track that it flew too deeply into the Martian atmosphere and was destroyed when it entered its initial orbit around Mars last week.

John Pike, space policy director at the Federation of American Scientists, said that it was embarrassing to lose a spacecraft to such a simple math error. "It is very difficult for me to imagine how such a fundamental, basic discrepancy could have remained in the system for so long," he said.

"I can't think of another example of this kind of large loss due to English-versus-metric confusion," Pike said. "It is going to be the cautionary tale until the end of time."

At the Jet Propulsion Lab, which owes its international reputation to the unerring accuracy it has displayed in guiding spacecraft across the shoals of space, officials did not flinch from acknowledging their role in the mistake.

"We know this error is the cause," said Thomas R. Gavin, deputy director of JPL's space and earth science directorate, which is responsible for the JPL Mars program. "And our failure to detect it in the mission caused the unfortunate loss of Mars Climate Orbiter.

"It is ironic," Logsdon said, "that we can cooperate in space with the Russians and the Japanese and the French but we have trouble cooperating across parts of the United States. Fundamentally, you have partners in this enterprise speaking different languages."

In your science notebook, on the right side, respond to the following question:

Why is it important to measure things accurately in science and use the correct units?  Can you think of other examples where careful measurement and correct units would be important in your life?  EXPLAIN  (HINT:  Think about if all amounts and measurements were random.  What would life be like?)

Welcome Back!

You will receive a handout tomorrow with the necessary materials but there is also a list on my class website for the school.  I'm looking forward to seeing you all tomorrow!

Aurora Borealis From the International Space Station

Very rare images of Northern Lights from space.

Brain Webquest Website Links

Regions of the Brain - Link HERE

The Limbic System

When we look more closely at the areas of the brain involved with laughter, the limbic system seems to be central. The limbic system is a network of structures lo­cated beneath the cerebral cortex. This system is important because it controls some behaviors that are essential to the life of all mammals (finding food, self-preservation).

Interestingly, the same structures found in the human limbic system can also be found in the brains of evolutionary ancient animals such as the alligator. In the alligator, the limbic system is heavily involved in smell and plays an important role in defending territory, hunting and eating prey. In humans, the limbic system is more involved in motivation and emotional behaviors.

What Happens When We Sleep - Link HERE

PBS: Why Do We Dream - Link HERE

The Meaning of Dreams - Link HERE

Dream Recall

It is said that five minutes after the end of a dream, we have forgotten 50 percent of the dream's content. Ten minutes later, we've forgotten 90 percent of its content. Why is that? We don't forget our daily actions that quickly. The fact that they are so hard to remember makes their importance seem less.

Theories

Freud theorized that we forget our dreams because they contain our repressed thoughts and wishes and so we shouldn't want to remember them anyway. Other research points to the simple reason that other things get in the way. We are forward-thinking by nature, so remembering something when we first wake up is difficult.

L. Strumpell, a dream researcher of the same era as Freud, believed that several things contribute to our not being able to remember dreams. For one, he said that many things are quickly forgotten when you first wake up, such as physical sensations. He also considered the fact that many dream images are not very intense and would therefore be easy to forget. Another reason, and probably the strongest of his theories, is that we traditionally learn and remember both by association and repetition. As dreams are usually unique and somewhat vague to begin with, it stands to reason that remembering them could be difficult. For example, if someone speaks a phrase to you that doesn't immediately click with anything in your experience, you might need the person to repeat it in order to remember it or even understand it. Since we can't go back to our dreams to experience something again, details that are out of our realm of experience often escape us.

How to Improve Your Dream Recall

Photo courtesy Morguefile

There are many resources both on the Web and in print that will give you tips on how to improve your recall of dreams. Those who believe we have a lot to learn about ourselves from our dreams are big proponents of dream journals. Here are some steps you can take to increase your dream recall:

• When you go to bed, tell yourself you will remember your dreams. (Author's note: In researching this article, I found that thinking about dreams before I fell asleep actually made me remember having them, so this step did work in my experience.)
• Set your alarm to go off every hour and half so you'll wake up around the times that you leave REM sleep -- when you're most likely to remember your dreams. (Or, drink a lot of water before you go to bed to ensure you have to wake up at least once in the middle of the night!)
• Keep a pad and pencil next to your bed.
• Try to wake up slowly to remain within the "mood" of your last dream.

Personality Tests - Myers Briggs - Link HERE

Argument Against Myers-Briggs - Link HERE

Big Five Personality Test - Link Here

Neuroscience For Kids - Link HERE

The Case of Phineas Gage - Link HERE (How Important is the Prefrontal Cortex to Society?)

Semester Final Study Guides

Find all of the study guides by going to the LABELS section on the right side and clicking on the "Study Guide" Label.

Acids and Bases Study Guide (Chapter 7)

Acids, Bases, and Neutrals Test

Study Guide  - Chapter 7

Vocabulary to Know

Acid

Base

Neutral

H+ ion  (Hydrogen Ion)

OH- ion  (Hydroxide Ion)

Salt

Neutralization and Neutralization Reaction

pH and pH scale

indicator

litmus paper

Concepts to Know

1.     What are the characteristics of acids, bases and neutrals?

2.     What is pH?  What is the pH of acids, bases and neutrals?  What do we use to measure or determine pH?

3.     What are examples of acids, bases and neutrals?

4.     What happens when you put acids and bases together?  What do they form?  What is a neutralization reaction?

5.     What are some common indicators of acids, bases and neutrals and how do they work?

Chapter 6 Study Guide

Chapter 6 Study Guide

Chemical Reactions

1.     You should know how to write a chemical formula using your valence sheet.

Example:  Sodium chloride     Na ⁺¹   Cl ^-1   =     NaCl

       2.  A chemical change is when two or more substances react, or one substance

           decomposes.  In both cases something new is formed.  Evidence of a chemical

           change: 

         -  Temperature change (exothermic or endothermic)

         -  Color change

         - Precipitate forms

         - Gas produced (bubbles)

         - Fire/Explosion

3.     A physical change is a change in matter that does not produce a new substance like cutting paper or mixing salt and pepper.

4.     You should know the structure of a chemical formula.  Be able to label reactants, products, yields sign, subscripts and coefficients.

5.     Know that subscripts tell us the number of atoms of an element and coefficients tell us the number of molecules of a substance.

6.     Law of Conservation of Mass:  Matter is not created nor destroyed.

7.     You should know how to balance chemical equations.

8.     You should be able to identify the four major types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement,  Double Replacement, and Combustion.

9.     A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not involved in the chemical reaction.  Be able to identify the catalyst in a reaction.

Chapter 2 Study Guide (Version 2)

Chapter 2 Chemistry (pages 58 -77)

Review all Homework, Labs, Vocabulary, and Notes

I.               Review Properties of Matter Notes

II.             Know the following vocabulary words:

Matter, Substance, Physical Property, Chemical Property, Element, Atom, Chemical Bond, Molecules, Compound, Chemical Formula, Mixture, Heterogeneous Mixture, Homogeneous Mixture, Solution, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Precipitate, Law of Conservation of Matter, Energy, Temperature, Thermal Energy, Endothermic Reaction, Exothermic Reaction, Chemical Energy, Electromagnetic Energy, Electrical Energy, Electrolysis.

III.           Know examples of all of the vocabulary words above

IV.           Labs:

A.     Know how to identify the physical properties of a substance.

B.     Know how to identify a physical change of matter.

C.     Know how to tell if a chemical change has occurred.

D.    Know what a precipitate is and how you can tell if a precipitate has formed.

E.     Know how to tell if an endothermic or exothermic reaction has occurred.  Know why they occur.

F.     Know what electrolysis is and be able to explain what happened in the electrolysis lab.

Chapter 4 Study Guide

Study Guide

Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table

Study Classroom Notes:

Introduction to Atoms

Atomic Structure and Energy Levels

Reading the Periodic Table

Periodic Table Squares Practice (Finding Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons and Drawing Bohr Models)

Study Labs:

It’s Elemental

Periodic Puzzle

Flame Test Lab

Metals Vs. Nonmetals

Review Text pages 124-155

Know:

Atomic Number if given the name, symbol, # of protons, or # of electrons

Number of Protons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or # of electrons

Number of Electrons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or #of protons

Atomic Mass (weight) if given the name or symbol

Element Symbol if given the element name

Element Name if given the symbol, atomic #, # of protons, or #of electrons

Period Number if given the symbol, atomic #, or # of protons or electrons

Number of Energy Levels if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or period

Group/Family if given the name, symbol, or atomic number

Number of Valence Electrons if given the name, symbol, or group/family

Properties and Valence Electrons for Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Halogens and Noble (Inert Gases)

Dmitri Mendeleev

Know where to find metals, nonmetals, and synthetic elements on the Periodic Table

Know that semimetals (metalloids) are good semiconductors because they can conduct electricity but not as well as metals (example: silicon)

Periods are horizontal rows that tell us the number or energy levels

Know major properties of metals and nonmetals

Bohr Models:  Be able to draw Bohr models for all elements up to 20.

Essay Topics: (be prepared for the following topics):

-       Be able to explain what is unique about the inert (noble) gas region of the periodic table.

-       Be prepared to discuss similarities and differences of metals and nonmetals with examples.

Chapter 9 Review Questions