Sunday, April 19, 2015

Brain Webquest Website Links











Regions of the Brain - Link HERE

The Limbic System

When we look more closely at the areas of the brain involved with laughter, the limbic system seems to be central. The limbic system is a network of structures lo­cated beneath the cerebral cortex. This system is important because it controls some behaviors that are essential to the life of all mammals (finding food, self-preservation).
Interestingly, the same structures found in the human limbic system can also be found in the brains of evolutionary ancient animals such as the alligator. In the alligator, the limbic system is heavily involved in smell and plays an important role in defending territory, hunting and eating prey. In humans, the limbic system is more involved in motivation and emotional behaviors.




Dream Recall

It is said that five minutes after the end of a dream, we have forgotten 50 percent of the dream's content. Ten minutes later, we've forgotten 90 percent of its content. Why is that? We don't forget our daily actions that quickly. The fact that they are so hard to remember makes their importance seem less.
Theories
Freud theorized that we forget our dreams because they contain our repressed thoughts and wishes and so we shouldn't want to remember them anyway. Other research points to the simple reason that other things get in the way. We are forward-thinking by nature, so remembering something when we first wake up is difficult.
L. Strumpell, a dream researcher of the same era as Freud, believed that several things contribute to our not being able to remember dreams. For one, he said that many things are quickly forgotten when you first wake up, such as physical sensations. He also considered the fact that many dream images are not very intense and would therefore be easy to forget. Another reason, and probably the strongest of his theories, is that we traditionally learn and remember both by association and repetition. As dreams are usually unique and somewhat vague to begin with, it stands to reason that remembering them could be difficult. For example, if someone speaks a phrase to you that doesn't immediately click with anything in your experience, you might need the person to repeat it in order to remember it or even understand it. Since we can't go back to our dreams to experience something again, details that are out of our realm of experience often escape us.
How to Improve Your Dream Recall

Photo courtesy Morguefile
There are many resources both on the Web and in print that will give you tips on how to improve your recall of dreams. Those who believe we have a lot to learn about ourselves from our dreams are big proponents of dream journals. Here are some steps you can take to increase your dream recall:
  • When you go to bed, tell yourself you will remember your dreams. (Author's note: In researching this article, I found that thinking about dreams before I fell asleep actually made me remember having them, so this step did work in my experience.)
  • Set your alarm to go off every hour and half so you'll wake up around the times that you leave REM sleep -- when you're most likely to remember your dreams. (Or, drink a lot of water before you go to bed to ensure you have to wake up at least once in the middle of the night!)
  • Keep a pad and pencil next to your bed.
  • Try to wake up slowly to remain within the "mood" of your last dream.








Wednesday, April 15, 2015

Semester Final Study Guides

Find all of the study guides by going to the LABELS section on the right side and clicking on the "Study Guide" Label.


Acids and Bases Study Guide (Chapter 7)

Acids, Bases, and Neutrals Test
Study Guide  - Chapter 7



Vocabulary to Know

Acid
Base
Neutral
H+ ion  (Hydrogen Ion)
OH- ion  (Hydroxide Ion)
Salt
Neutralization and Neutralization Reaction
pH and pH scale
indicator
litmus paper


Concepts to Know


1.     What are the characteristics of acids, bases and neutrals?
2.     What is pH?  What is the pH of acids, bases and neutrals?  What do we use to measure or determine pH?
3.     What are examples of acids, bases and neutrals?
4.     What happens when you put acids and bases together?  What do they form?  What is a neutralization reaction?
5.     What are some common indicators of acids, bases and neutrals and how do they work?


Chapter 6 Study Guide

Chapter 6 Study Guide
Chemical Reactions


1.     You should know how to write a chemical formula using your valence sheet.

Example:  Sodium chloride     Na +1   Cl -1   =     NaCl


       2.  A chemical change is when two or more substances react, or one substance
           decomposes.  In both cases something new is formed.  Evidence of a chemical
           change: 

         -  Temperature change (exothermic or endothermic)
         -  Color change
         - Precipitate forms
         - Gas produced (bubbles)
         - Fire/Explosion


3.     A physical change is a change in matter that does not produce a new substance like cutting paper or mixing salt and pepper.

4.     You should know the structure of a chemical formula.  Be able to label reactants, products, yields sign, subscripts and coefficients.

5.     Know that subscripts tell us the number of atoms of an element and coefficients tell us the number of molecules of a substance.

6.     Law of Conservation of Mass:  Matter is not created nor destroyed.

7.     You should know how to balance chemical equations.

8.     You should be able to identify the four major types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement,  Double Replacement, and Combustion.

9.     A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not involved in the chemical reaction.  Be able to identify the catalyst in a reaction.


Chapter 2 Study Guide (Version 2)

Chapter 2 Chemistry (pages 58 -77)

Review all Homework, Labs, Vocabulary, and Notes

I.               Review Properties of Matter Notes
II.             Know the following vocabulary words:
Matter, Substance, Physical Property, Chemical Property, Element, Atom, Chemical Bond, Molecules, Compound, Chemical Formula, Mixture, Heterogeneous Mixture, Homogeneous Mixture, Solution, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Precipitate, Law of Conservation of Matter, Energy, Temperature, Thermal Energy, Endothermic Reaction, Exothermic Reaction, Chemical Energy, Electromagnetic Energy, Electrical Energy, Electrolysis.
III.           Know examples of all of the vocabulary words above
IV.           Labs:
A.     Know how to identify the physical properties of a substance.
B.     Know how to identify a physical change of matter.
C.     Know how to tell if a chemical change has occurred.
D.    Know what a precipitate is and how you can tell if a precipitate has formed.
E.     Know how to tell if an endothermic or exothermic reaction has occurred.  Know why they occur.
F.     Know what electrolysis is and be able to explain what happened in the electrolysis lab.


Chapter 4 Study Guide


Study Guide
Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table


Study Classroom Notes:

Introduction to Atoms
Atomic Structure and Energy Levels
Reading the Periodic Table
Periodic Table Squares Practice (Finding Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons and Drawing Bohr Models)

Study Labs:

It’s Elemental
Periodic Puzzle
Flame Test Lab
Metals Vs. Nonmetals

Review Text pages 124-155

Know:

Atomic Number if given the name, symbol, # of protons, or # of electrons
Number of Protons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or # of electrons
Number of Electrons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or #of protons
Atomic Mass (weight) if given the name or symbol
Element Symbol if given the element name
Element Name if given the symbol, atomic #, # of protons, or #of electrons
Period Number if given the symbol, atomic #, or # of protons or electrons
Number of Energy Levels if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or period
Group/Family if given the name, symbol, or atomic number
Number of Valence Electrons if given the name, symbol, or group/family
Properties and Valence Electrons for Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Halogens and Noble (Inert Gases)
Dmitri Mendeleev
Know where to find metals, nonmetals, and synthetic elements on the Periodic Table
Know that semimetals (metalloids) are good semiconductors because they can conduct electricity but not as well as metals (example: silicon)
Periods are horizontal rows that tell us the number or energy levels
Know major properties of metals and nonmetals
Bohr Models:  Be able to draw Bohr models for all elements up to 20.

Essay Topics: (be prepared for the following topics):
-       Be able to explain what is unique about the inert (noble) gas region of the periodic table.
-       Be prepared to discuss similarities and differences of metals and nonmetals with examples.