Sunday, January 12, 2014

Study Guides - Semester 1 Final


Semester 1 Final
Chemistry
Scientific Method
Scientific Measurement
Density and Buoyancy

Chapter 6 Study Guide
Chemical Reactions


1.     You should know how to write a chemical formula using your valence sheet.

Example:  Sodium chloride     Na +1   Cl -1   =     NaCl

       2.  A chemical change is when two or more substances react, or one substance
           decomposes.  In both cases something new is formed.  Evidence of a chemical
           change: 
         -  Temperature change (exothermic or endothermic)
         -  Color change
         - Precipitate forms
         - Gas produced (bubbles)
         - Fire/Explosion
3.     A physical change is a change in matter that does not produce a new substance like cutting paper or mixing salt and pepper.

4.     You should know the structure of a chemical formula.  Be able to label reactants, products, yields sign, subscripts and coefficients.

5.     Know that subscripts tell us the number of atoms of an element and coefficients tell us the number of molecules of a substance.

6.     Law of Conservation of Mass:  Matter is not created nor destroyed.

7.     You should know how to balance chemical equations.

8.     You should be able to identify the four major types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, and Double Displacement.

9.     A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction but is not involved in the chemical reaction.  Be able to identify the catalyst in a reaction.
Chapter 5 Study Guide
Chemical Bonding

1.     Using the Periodic Table, you should be able to draw the electron dot diagram for all of the elements covered in class.

2.     Ionic Bonds
A.     Know that an ion is a charged atom or group of atoms
B.     A polyatomic ion is what we call a charged group of atoms
C.      Atoms become charged when the gain or lose electrons.
D.     Atoms have positive charges when the lose electrons (mostly metals) and negative charges when they gain electrons (mostly nonmetals).
E.      Ionic Bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another resulting in ions.  The opposite charges of the ions attract each other.  This is a very strong bond.
F.      You should know how to write chemical formulas using ion charges.  You should know how to name compounds using the chemical formula.  I will give you an ion list to use on the test.
G.      You should know the characteristics of ionic compounds:
1)     Ionic compounds form crystals because of the regular repeating pattern of ions.
2)     Conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
3)     High melting points
4)     Not flammable
5)     Almost all ionic compounds (salts) are formed from
a metal and a nonmetal bonding.

3.     Covalent Bonds
A.     Know that covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
B.     Usually form when nonmetals bond to other nonmetals.
C.      Sometimes atoms have to share lots of electrons when they bond (example: Nitrogen gas forms with a triple bond).
D.     Covalent molecules often have low melting points and burn easily (more flammable).
E.      Most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in water like ionic compounds do.

Study Guide
Chapter 4 – The Periodic Table

Atomic Number if given the name, symbol, # of protons, or # of electrons
Number of Protons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or # of electrons
Number of Electrons if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or #of protons
Atomic Mass (weight) if given the name or symbol
Element Symbol if given the element name
Element Name if given the symbol, atomic #, # of protons, or #of electrons
Period Number if given the symbol, atomic #, or # of protons or electrons
Number of Energy Levels if given the name, symbol, atomic #, or period
Group/Family if given the name, symbol, or atomic number
Number of Valence Electrons if given the name, symbol, or group/family
Properties and Valence Electrons for Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Halogens and Noble (Inert Gases)
Dmitri Mendeleev
Know where to find metals, nonmetals, and synthetic elements on the Periodic Table
Know that semimetals (metalloids) are good semiconductors because they can conduct electricity but not as well as metals (example: silicon)
Periods are horizontal rows that tell us the number or energy levels
Know major properties of metals and nonmetals
Bohr Models:  Be able to draw Bohr models for all elements up to 20.


Chapter 3 Study Guide
Chemistry – Properties of Matter
Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Study all Labs, Homework Sheets, Handouts, Graphic Organizers, and Notes.  You may also refer to Chapter 3 in your book.

Know definitions for the following terms:

Amorphous solid      Crystalline Solid    Solid
Fluid                            Gas                            Liquid                   Surface Tension        Temperature               Thermal Energy        Viscosity                Evaporation
Vaporization                Boiling


Know the definitions, molecular movement, and processes involved for each of the following:  (Example:  Melting – Solid to Liquid – Increase in Molecular Motion)

Melting                 Evaporation         Sublimation            Freezing
Condensation       Resublimation

Know that TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE are two factors that can affect the phase of matter.

Be able to explain the Gas Laws and give examples of each (Charles’s Law, Boyle’s Law, and Temperature/Pressure)
Know the effects of changing temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.

Know that water freezes at 0 degrees C and boils at 100 degrees C.

Know your labs – why we did the labs and what they showed. Labs to know:  Freezing point lab, Marshmallow Madness Lab, Endothermic and Exothermic Lab, and all gas demos.

FROM CHAPTER 2 KNOW THE FOLLOWING:

Be able to define, describe, and identify chemical changes, physical changes, endothermic reactions and changes, and exothermic reactions and changes.
Know that electricity can be used to break molecules apart.  This is called electrolysis.  We used electrolysis to break bonds in water.  We saw gas bubbles produced and acids and bases produced.  That was the evidence that new substances had been formed – a chemical change.


                                                 Chapter 2 Test Study Guide
Properties of Matter

Concepts to Know:

1.     Everything is either energy or matter.
2.     Properties of matter are characteristics of a substance that help to identify that substance.  Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed and measured without breaking bonds or changing the substance chemically.   
Examples:  Color, shape, density, boiling point
Chemical properties can only be observed when a substance is changes chemically.
Examples: Reactivity with other chemicals, flammability
3.     An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance.  There are 92 naturally occurring elements in the universe.  Elements are organized on the Periodic Table of the Elements. 
4.     Atoms are the smallest particle of an element.
5.     Molecule – Two or more atoms chemically bonded.  Examples:  NaCl, CaCl2, O2, H2O, H2
6.     Compound – Two or more DIFFERENT types of atoms chemically bonded.  Example:  All of the examples for molecules BUT H2.  H2 is only made of one thing, Hydrogen.
7.     A mixture is two or more things combined together that have not been chemically bonded.  Solutions are a type of mixture where one thing dissolves into another. Examples: trail mix, salt water
8.     Heterogeneous Mixture – You can see the parts of the mixture
9.     Homogeneous Mixture – You can’t see the parts of the mixture.
10.  A physical change is a change in a substance that does not alter a substance chemically.  It’s still the same substance.
11.  A chemical change is a change where bonds are broken and new substances are formed.  Example: Burning wood, reacting Sulfuric Acid and Sugar.
12.  Law of Conservation of Matter says that whatever matter goes into a chemical reaction has to come out.
13.  Thermal Energy is the measure of the amount of movement of molecules in a substance.  The more movement, the more thermal energy, the higher the temperature.  Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy of an object.  We measure thermal energy (temperature) with a thermometer.
14.  Chemical Energy is energy stored in chemical bonds.
15.  Know the indicators of a chemical change and that a precipitate is a solid formed from a chemical reaction between two or more substances.

Study Guide – 8th Grade Physical Science
Chapter 1 Test

To prepare for this test you will need to use your notes, labs, homework, and class work as well as your textbook. 

Scientific Inquiry (pages 6-15)

1.     Know what an inference is.  Be prepared to make inferences about a picture similar to the class and homework examples.
2.     Know what a hypothesis is.
3.     What are parameters in a scientific investigation?
4.     Know the definitions for manipulated and responding variable and be able to identify each in a given example.
5.     What is a controlled experiment?  Why is it important for experiments to be controlled?
6.     What is a scientific theory?  Know how theories and hypotheses are different.

Measurement and Equipment (pages 16 – 26)

1.     What is length?  What units do we use to measure length in science?
2.     What is weight?
3.     What is mass?  What units do we use to measure mass?
4.     How are weight and mass different?
5.     What happens to weight as gravity increases or decreases?
6.     What is volume?  What units do we use to measure volume?
7.     What is density?  What are the units for density?  What is the formula used to measure density? 
8.     Be ready to compare the relative densities of common objects discussed in class.
9.     Know graduated cylinder, beaker, balance, ruler, and Erlenmeyer flask.

Graphing in Science (pages 34 – 41)

1.     Know how to identify manipulated and responding variables in an experiment.
2.     Know how to take the data from a data table and graph the data putting the manipulated data on the horizontal axis and the responding variable on the vertical axis.  Label each axis.
3.     Know how to read a line graph.